Donor

Murphy, Sharon

Edmonds, WA · Retired · Retired

$7,766

Total given

408

Contributions

Thu Feb 02

First on record

Contribution ledger

408 records

Date	Recipient committee	Amount	Filing
Jan 21, 2024	Winred	$31.00	view
Jan 21, 2024	Winred	$31.00	view
Jan 21, 2024	Winred	$31.00	view
Nov 18, 2023	Winred	$3.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$15.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$34.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$15.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$3.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$31.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$10.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$10.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$15.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$36.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$31.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$36.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$4.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$12.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$31.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$34.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$30.00	view
Nov 13, 2023	Winred	$34.00	view
Nov 9, 2023	Winred	$20.00	view
Nov 4, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Nov 4, 2023	Nrcc	$36.00	view
Oct 31, 2023	Nrcc	$36.00	view
Oct 31, 2023	Winred	$12.00	view
Oct 19, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Oct 15, 2023	Winred	$3.00	view
Oct 10, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Oct 10, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Oct 10, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Oct 10, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Oct 7, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Oct 5, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Sep 29, 2023	Winred	$4.00	view
Sep 29, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Sep 23, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Aug 23, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 15, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$39.00	view
Aug 8, 2023	Winred	$0.00	view
Jul 23, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jul 22, 2023	Nrcc	$39.00	view
Jun 24, 2023	Nrcc	$39.00	view
Jun 23, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 22, 2023	Nrcc	$39.00	view
Jun 22, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$24.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$17.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$20.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$9.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$8.00	view
Jun 20, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$20.00	view
Jun 14, 2023	van Orden for Congress	$20.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$5.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$8.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$9.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$9.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$20.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$50.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$12.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$26.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$35.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$20.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$19.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	van Orden for Congress	$26.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$15.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$15.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$12.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$8.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Team Scalise	$26.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$7.00	view
Jun 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$49.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 10, 2023	Scalise for Congress	$10.00	view
Jun 7, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Jun 7, 2023	Winred	$6.00	view
Jun 7, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Jun 7, 2023	Winred	$7.00	view
Jun 6, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Winred	$9.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Winred	$5.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
Jun 5, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 30, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
May 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$8.00	view
May 27, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
May 26, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
May 25, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
May 24, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 23, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
May 23, 2023	Nrcc	$35.00	view
May 23, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
May 23, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
May 23, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 23, 2023	Nrcc	$9.00	view
May 23, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
May 23, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
May 22, 2023	Nrcc	$5.00	view
May 22, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
May 22, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 21, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$0.00	view
May 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$5.00	view
May 21, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$9.00	view
May 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$12.00	view
May 21, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
May 21, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$10.00	view
May 21, 2023	Nrcc	$34.00	view
May 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
May 21, 2023	Nrcc	$9.00	view
May 8, 2023	Team Scalise	$15.00	view
May 8, 2023	Team Scalise	$10.00	view
May 8, 2023	Team Scalise	$10.00	view
May 8, 2023	Team Scalise	$10.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	-$10.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	-$10.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	$100.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	$42.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	-$3.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	-$40.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	$45.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	$22.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	$25.00	view
May 5, 2023	Republican National Committee	-$3.00	view
May 4, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
May 4, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
May 4, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
May 4, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
May 4, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$49.00	view
May 4, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$24.00	view
May 1, 2023	Nrcc	$50.00	view
May 1, 2023	Winred	-$500.00	view
May 1, 2023	Nrcc	$500.00	view
Apr 30, 2023	Nrcc	$50.00	view
Apr 30, 2023	Nrcc	$500.00	view
Apr 30, 2023	Winred	$500.00	view
Apr 28, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 28, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 21, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$20.00	view
Apr 19, 2023	Kevin McCarthy for Congress	$8.00	view
Apr 19, 2023	Champion American Values	$10.00	view
Apr 17, 2023	Nrcc	$0.00	view
Apr 16, 2023	Jake Ellzey for Congress	$24.00	view
Apr 16, 2023	Jake Ellzey for Congress	$15.00	view
Apr 16, 2023	Jake Ellzey for Congress	$24.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$30.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$5.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$5.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$10.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$15.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$30.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$8.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$15.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$8.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	-$25.00	view
Apr 12, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Apr 8, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$8.00	view
Apr 4, 2023	Champion American Values	$8.00	view
Mar 31, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Mar 31, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Mar 29, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Mar 29, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Mar 29, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Mar 29, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Mar 27, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	-$35.00	view
Mar 27, 2023	Service and Honor	$12.00	view
Mar 27, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	-$25.00	view
Mar 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$12.00	view
Mar 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$12.00	view
Mar 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$12.00	view
Mar 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$35.00	view
Mar 20, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Mar 20, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$10.00	view
Mar 17, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$25.00	view
Mar 16, 2023	Champion American Values	$12.00	view
Mar 5, 2023	Champion American Values	$15.00	view
Mar 2, 2023	Champion American Values	$10.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Service and Honor	$25.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Mar 1, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$15.00	view
Feb 28, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Feb 28, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$25.00	view
Feb 28, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Feb 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 27, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 26, 2023	Champion American Values	$25.00	view
Feb 26, 2023	Service and Honor	$26.00	view
Feb 26, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$10.00	view
Feb 26, 2023	Service and Honor	$100.00	view
Feb 25, 2023	Champion American Values	$30.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Champion American Values	$30.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Service and Honor	$19.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Champion American Values	$15.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Champion American Values	$30.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$25.00	view
Feb 24, 2023	Service and Honor	$19.00	view
Feb 23, 2023	Champion American Values	$25.00	view
Feb 23, 2023	Service and Honor	$25.00	view
Feb 23, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Feb 23, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$20.00	view
Feb 22, 2023	Champion American Values	$25.00	view
Feb 22, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 22, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 22, 2023	Champion American Values	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$15.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$100.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$40.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$100.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$16.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$50.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$10.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$26.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$50.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$26.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$13.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$35.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$5.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$40.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Champion American Values	$40.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Service and Honor	$30.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$5.00	view
Feb 21, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$28.00	view
Feb 19, 2023	Champion American Values	$30.00	view
Feb 19, 2023	Champion American Values	$40.00	view
Feb 17, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 17, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 16, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 16, 2023	Tim Scott for America	$25.00	view
Feb 16, 2023	Champion American Values	$15.00	view
Feb 16, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$25.00	view
Feb 16, 2023	Champion American Values	$12.00	view
Feb 15, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$35.00	view
Feb 9, 2023	Champion American Values	$40.00	view
Feb 9, 2023	Champion American Values	$7.00	view
Feb 8, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$35.00	view
Feb 8, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view
Feb 8, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view
Feb 8, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view
Feb 7, 2023	Champion American Values	$30.00	view
Feb 7, 2023	Marco Rubio for Senate	$20.00	view
Feb 6, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view
Feb 2, 2023	Champion American Values	$50.00	view

Each filing link opens the original FEC document image. Itemized contributions only (generally those above the FEC’s $200 itemization threshold).