DonorTrail

Donor

Waters, Alice

Berkeley, CA · Chez Panisse · Chef

$33,937
Total given
472
Contributions
Sun Jan 01
First on record

Contribution ledger

472 records
DateRecipient committeeAmountFiling
Jul 16, 2024Forward Blue$10.00view
Jul 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$10.00view
Jul 16, 2024Actblue$2.00view
Jul 12, 2024Actblue$12.00view
Jul 12, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$125.00view
Jul 7, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Jul 7, 2024Elissa Slotkin for Michigan$50.00view
Jul 2, 2024Democratic Action$225.00view
Jul 2, 2024Actblue$225.00view
Jun 23, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$25.00view
Jun 21, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Jun 16, 2024Actblue$2.00view
Jun 16, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Jun 16, 2024Forward Blue$10.00view
Jun 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$10.00view
Jun 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$25.00view
May 29, 2024Democratic Action$30.00view
May 16, 2024Forward Blue$10.00view
May 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$10.00view
May 16, 2024Actblue$2.00view
May 11, 2024Actblue$3.00view
May 11, 2024Actblue$2.00view
May 2, 2024Actblue$25.00view
May 2, 2024Harris for President$250.00view
May 2, 2024Actblue$250.00view
Apr 27, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$100.00view
Apr 27, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Apr 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$10.00view
Apr 16, 2024Forward Blue$10.00view
Apr 16, 2024Actblue$2.00view
Apr 8, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Apr 8, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Apr 7, 2024Actblue$7.00view
Mar 30, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 30, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 29, 2024Forward Blue$50.00view
Mar 29, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 29, 2024Democratic Action$150.00view
Mar 29, 2024Actblue$15.00view
Mar 22, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Mar 21, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 18, 2024Stop These Oppressive People: Tyrants Racists Unqualifieds Misogynists Propagandists (Stop Trump)$35.00view
Mar 18, 2024Actblue$4.00view
Mar 18, 2024Stop These Oppressive People: Tyrants Racists Unqualifieds Misogynists Propagandists (Stop Trump)$35.00view
Mar 16, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 16, 2024Friends of Sherrod Brown$50.00view
Mar 11, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Mar 10, 2024Actblue-$250.00view
Mar 10, 2024Actblue$250.00view
Mar 10, 2024Actblue$25.00view
Mar 10, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Mar 10, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Mar 9, 2024Harris for President$50.00view
Mar 9, 2024Actblue$5.00view
Mar 3, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Feb 25, 2024Actblue$25.00view
Feb 22, 2024Actblue$15.00view
Feb 21, 2024Actblue$20.00view
Feb 21, 2024Actblue$20.00view
Feb 20, 2024Rudy Salas for Congress$250.00view
Feb 20, 2024Actblue$50.00view
Feb 20, 2024Actblue$250.00view
Feb 7, 2024Actblue$3.00view
Feb 6, 2024Actblue$10.00view
Feb 5, 2024Actblue$2.00view
Feb 2, 2024Actblue$2.00view
Jan 23, 2024Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Jan 16, 2024DNC Services Corp / Democratic National Committee$250.00view
Jan 16, 2024Actblue$250.00view
Dec 27, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Dec 27, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Dec 27, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Dec 24, 2023Actblue$4.00view
Dec 24, 2023Actblue$35.00view
Dec 24, 2023Moms Fed Up$35.00view
Dec 23, 2023Moms Fed Up$35.00view
Dec 23, 2023Actblue$35.00view
Dec 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Dec 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Dec 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Dec 22, 2023Actblue$35.00view
Dec 22, 2023Moms Fed Up$35.00view
Dec 3, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Dec 3, 2023Colin Allred for Senate$100.00view
Dec 3, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Dec 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Nov 26, 2023Actblue$5.00view
Nov 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Nov 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Nov 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Nov 21, 2023Leaders We Deserve$100.00view
Nov 21, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Nov 21, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Nov 17, 2023Actblue$5.00view
Nov 6, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Nov 6, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Nov 6, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Nov 3, 2023Booker Victory Fund$500.00view
Nov 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Nov 1, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Nov 1, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Nov 1, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Oct 29, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Oct 29, 2023Moms Fed Up$15.00view
Oct 29, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Oct 27, 2023Moms Fed Up$15.00view
Oct 27, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Oct 25, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Oct 25, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$100.00view
Oct 25, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 25, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Oct 25, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$100.00view
Oct 25, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 24, 2023Actblue$5.00view
Oct 24, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$50.00view
Oct 24, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 24, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Oct 24, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Oct 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Oct 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Oct 23, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Oct 22, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Oct 22, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Oct 22, 2023Actblue$4.00view
Oct 22, 2023Actblue$35.00view
Oct 15, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 15, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Oct 6, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Oct 6, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Oct 6, 2023Campaign for Democracy Committee$100.00view
Oct 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Sep 29, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 29, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 29, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Sep 24, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$12.00view
Sep 24, 2023Actblue$5.00view
Sep 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Sep 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Sep 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Sep 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Sep 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 22, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Sep 21, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Sep 21, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Sep 21, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$15.00view
Sep 19, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 19, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Sep 19, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Sep 18, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Sep 17, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 17, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 17, 2023Colin Allred for Senate$100.00view
Sep 6, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$25.00view
Sep 6, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Sep 6, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Sep 6, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$15.00view
Sep 6, 2023Actblue$15.00view
Sep 6, 2023Actblue$3.00view
Sep 3, 2023Campaign for Democracy Committee$250.00view
Sep 3, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Sep 3, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Sep 2, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Sep 2, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Sep 2, 2023Colin Allred for Senate$100.00view
Sep 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Aug 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Aug 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Aug 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 19, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 19, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 19, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 19, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 19, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 17, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Aug 17, 2023Actblue$125.00view
Aug 9, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 8, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 8, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 8, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 8, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 8, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 8, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 6, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 6, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Aug 6, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Aug 6, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 5, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 5, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Aug 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jul 31, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Jul 31, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 31, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jul 31, 2023Campaign for Democracy Committee$250.00view
Jul 31, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 30, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jul 30, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 30, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 27, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 27, 2023Gillibrand for Senate$100.00view
Jul 26, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 26, 2023Gillibrand for Senate$100.00view
Jul 26, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$1.00view
Jul 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jul 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jul 21, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Jul 21, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$25.00view
Jul 10, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$25.00view
Jul 10, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Jul 8, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Jul 8, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jul 8, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Jul 6, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Jul 6, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jul 6, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jul 6, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$25.00view
Jul 6, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jul 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Jun 30, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Jun 30, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Jun 30, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 30, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jun 30, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 30, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$25.00view
Jun 30, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 29, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jun 29, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 29, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 27, 2023Actblue-$10.00view
Jun 27, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
Jun 25, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$550.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 23, 2023Harris for President$250.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Jun 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Jun 23, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jun 23, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$20.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$20.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$50.00view
Jun 22, 2023Actblue-$20.00view
Jun 21, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 21, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
Jun 21, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 18, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Jun 18, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 18, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Jun 18, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 18, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 18, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 16, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Jun 16, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jun 16, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Jun 12, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 12, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 12, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$50.00view
Jun 5, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Jun 5, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$250.00view
Jun 5, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 2, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Jun 2, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Jun 2, 2023Ameripac: the Fund for a Greater America$50.00view
Jun 1, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jun 1, 2023Campaign for Democracy PAC$250.00view
Jun 1, 2023Actblue$250.00view
May 31, 2023Actblue$20.00view
May 31, 2023Actblue$100.00view
May 31, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
May 29, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
May 29, 2023Actblue$50.00view
May 29, 2023Actblue$250.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
May 23, 2023Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress$100.00view
May 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$100.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$5.00view
May 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
May 22, 2023Actblue$10.00view
May 17, 2023Actblue$100.00view
May 17, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
May 17, 2023Actblue$20.00view
May 15, 2023the Squad Victory Fund$250.00view
May 15, 2023Actblue$50.00view
May 15, 2023Actblue$250.00view
May 13, 2023Actblue$20.00view
May 13, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
May 13, 2023Actblue$100.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$20.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$100.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$50.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$20.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$50.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$50.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$50.00view
May 5, 2023Actblue-$250.00view
May 5, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
May 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
May 1, 2023Actblue$50.00view
May 1, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Apr 25, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Apr 25, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 25, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 25, 2023Harris for President$250.00view
Apr 25, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Apr 25, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Apr 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Apr 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Apr 15, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Apr 15, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Apr 15, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 15, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Apr 15, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Apr 15, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Apr 3, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Apr 3, 2023Campaign for Democracy PAC$250.00view
Apr 3, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Apr 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Apr 1, 2023Actblue$10.00view
Apr 1, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Apr 1, 2023Actblue$100.00view
Apr 1, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Mar 31, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 31, 2023Campaign for Democracy PAC$250.00view
Mar 31, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Campaign for Democracy PAC$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$250.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 30, 2023Newsom for California Governor 2022$100.00view
Mar 29, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 29, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Mar 29, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 26, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Mar 26, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 26, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 25, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 25, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Mar 25, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 25, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$150.00view
Mar 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Mar 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Mar 20, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$100.00view
Mar 20, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 20, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 20, 2023Actblue$250.00view
Mar 20, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Mar 20, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$250.00view
Mar 20, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$150.00view
Mar 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Feb 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Feb 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Feb 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Feb 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Feb 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Jan 23, 2023Vpp$50.00view
Jan 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jan 23, 2023Actblue$50.00view
Jan 23, 2023Actblue$20.00view
Jan 2, 2023Actblue$2.00view
Jan 1, 2023Actblue$5.00view
Jan 1, 2023Actblue$25.00view
Jan 1, 2023Cory Booker for Senate$25.00view

Each filing link opens the original FEC document image. Itemized contributions only (generally those above the FEC’s $200 itemization threshold).