Donor

Chavez, Amarante

Buena Park, CA · Not Employed · Not Employed

$20,064
Total given
2,203
Contributions
Jan 28, 2021
First on record

FEC data through Jun 26, 2026

Contribution ledger

Showing 500 most recent
DateRecipient committeeAmountFiling
Dec 12, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$3.00view
Dec 5, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Dec 5, 2022End Citizens United$12.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$12.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Dec 5, 2022Stop Republicans$3.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Dec 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 4, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Dec 3, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 3, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 3, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 3, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 3, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Dec 1, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$15.00view
Dec 1, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Dec 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 1, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Dec 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Dec 1, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Dec 1, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 30, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Nov 30, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Nov 30, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$6.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 29, 2022Dccc$15.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Nov 29, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 29, 2022Dccc$5.00view
Nov 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 29, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Nov 28, 2022Chc Bold PAC$15.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Nov 28, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Stop Republicans$15.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 27, 2022End Citizens United$15.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 26, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$10.00view
Nov 26, 2022End Citizens United$12.00view
Nov 26, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$12.00view
Nov 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 25, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 25, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 25, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 25, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$15.00view
Nov 25, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 24, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Nov 24, 2022Stop Republicans$3.00view
Nov 24, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$15.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 24, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 23, 2022Stop Republicans$5.00view
Nov 23, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 23, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$15.00view
Nov 23, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 22, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 21, 2022End Citizens United$3.00view
Nov 21, 2022End Citizens United$15.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 21, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 21, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 20, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$15.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 20, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 20, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 20, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 19, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 19, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 19, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$3.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 17, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 17, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 17, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 16, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 15, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 15, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Nov 15, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 15, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 15, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 14, 2022Chc Bold PAC$15.00view
Nov 14, 2022Chc Bold PAC$10.00view
Nov 14, 2022Chc Bold PAC$15.00view
Nov 13, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 13, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 13, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 13, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 12, 2022Stop Republicans$11.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$11.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 12, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$3.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 12, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 11, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$5.00view
Nov 11, 2022Dscc$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 11, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 10, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 10, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 9, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Nov 9, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 9, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Nov 8, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Dccc$5.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Dscc$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 8, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 8, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Nov 7, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$15.00view
Nov 7, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 7, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Nov 7, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Nov 6, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 6, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 6, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 6, 2022Val Demings for U.S. Senate$5.00view
Nov 6, 2022Dccc$5.00view
Nov 6, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 6, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 6, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$12.00view
Nov 5, 2022Friends of Schumer$5.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 5, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Nov 5, 2022End Citizens United$12.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 5, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 5, 2022Stop Republicans$3.00view
Nov 3, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 3, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 3, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 3, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Nov 3, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Nov 3, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 3, 2022Catherine Cortez Masto for Senate$15.00view
Nov 3, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 2, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 2, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Nov 2, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 1, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 1, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Nov 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Nov 1, 2022Mark Kelly for Senate$10.00view
Nov 1, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 1, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Nov 1, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 31, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$15.00view
Oct 31, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Oct 31, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Oct 31, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$10.00view
Oct 31, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$15.00view
Oct 31, 2022Friends of Schumer$15.00view
Oct 31, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 31, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Oct 31, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 30, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Dccc$5.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Dccc$15.00view
Oct 30, 2022Dccc$20.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Mark Kelly for Senate$6.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$6.00view
Oct 30, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 29, 2022Friends of Schumer$5.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 29, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$20.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$2.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 28, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Oct 28, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 28, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 28, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 27, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 27, 2022Stop Republicans$15.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022End Citizens United$15.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 27, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Oct 27, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 27, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$12.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 26, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022End Citizens United$12.00view
Oct 26, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$10.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 26, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Oct 25, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 25, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 25, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$15.00view
Oct 25, 2022Friends of Schumer$15.00view
Oct 25, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 25, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 24, 2022Chc Bold PAC$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 24, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 24, 2022Friends of Schumer$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 24, 2022Congressional Black Caucus PAC$10.00view
Oct 24, 2022Stop Republicans$3.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 24, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$5.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 23, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 23, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 23, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 23, 2022Stop Republicans$5.00view
Oct 23, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$15.00view
Oct 23, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 22, 2022Mark Kelly for Senate$15.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 22, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 22, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 21, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 21, 2022End Citizens United$15.00view
Oct 21, 2022End Citizens United$3.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$15.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 20, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 20, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$15.00view
Oct 20, 2022Catherine Cortez Masto for Senate$10.00view
Oct 20, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$3.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 20, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 19, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$3.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 19, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$3.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 19, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 19, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Oct 17, 2022Actblue$0.00view
Oct 17, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 17, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Oct 17, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Progressive Turnout Project$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Friends of Schumer$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 16, 2022National Democratic Training Committee PAC$10.00view
Oct 15, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$10.00view
Oct 15, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 15, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 15, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 15, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 15, 2022Mark Kelly for Senate$10.00view
Oct 13, 2022Actblue$10.00view
Oct 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 13, 2022Actblue$1.00view
Oct 13, 2022Dccc$10.00view
Oct 12, 2022Democratic Strategy Institute$3.00view
Oct 12, 2022Stop Republicans$10.00view
Oct 12, 2022Stop Republicans$11.00view

Each filing link opens the original FEC document image. Itemized contributions only (generally those above the FEC’s $200 itemization threshold).